Possibly carcinogenic to humans
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
A National Toxicology Program (NTP) study reports that this substance causes fibrosis of the heart in animals at high doses.
1979. Bioassay of titanium dioxide for possible carcinogenicity. National Cancer Institute carcinogenesis technical report series 97, 1-123.
A National Toxicology Program (NTP) study reports that this substance causes male reproductive effects in animals at high doses.
1979. Bioassay of titanium dioxide for possible carcinogenicity. National Cancer Institute carcinogenesis technical report series 97, 1-123.
The European Food Safety Authority concluded this substance had the potential to damage DNA.
EFSA. 2021. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA Journal.
A peer-reviewed study reports that nanoparticles of this substance accumulate in and may damage the liver in animals at high doses.
Jiangxue Wang, Guoqiang Zhou, Chunying Chen, Hongwei Yu, Tiancheng Wang, Yongmei Ma, Guang Jia, Yuxi Gao, Bai Li, Jin Sun, Yufeng Li, Fang Jiao, Yuliang Zhao & Zhifang Chai. 2007. Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration. Toxicology letters 168(2), 176-85.
A peer-reviewed study reports that nanoparticles of this substance accumulate in and may damage the kidneys in animals at high doses.
Jiangxue Wang, Guoqiang Zhou, Chunying Chen, Hongwei Yu, Tiancheng Wang, Yongmei Ma, Guang Jia, Yuxi Gao, Bai Li, Jin Sun, Yufeng Li, Fang Jiao, Yuliang Zhao & Zhifang Chai. 2007. Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration. Toxicology letters 168(2), 176-85.